The sleep condition and its association with cognitive function of the elderly in six provinces of China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the association between sleep duration and cognitive function of the elderly in six provinces of China. Methods: Based on the cross-sectional survey data of the elderly from the Healthy Ageing Assessment Cohort Study in 2019, 4 644 participants' sociodemographic and economic indicators, lifestyle, prevalence of major chronic diseases, and sleep status, including night-time sleep duration, daytime sleep duration and insomnia, were collected by questionnaires. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between night-time sleep duration, daytime sleep duration and cognitive function. Results: The mean age of 4 644 respondents was (72.3±5.7) years, and 2 111 of them were males (45.5%). The mean total daily sleep time of the elderly was (7.9±1.9) hours, and the proportion of those who slept less than 7.0, 7.0-8.9 and≥9.0 hours was 24.1% (1 119), 42.1% (1 954) and 33.8% (1 571), respectively. The mean sleep time at night was (6.9±1.7) hours. About 23.7% (1 102) of the elderly did not sleep during the day, and the mean duration of the elderly who slept during the day was (78±51) minutes. Among the elderly with insomnia, 47.9% were still satisfied with their sleep quality. The mean value of MMSE score of 4 644 respondents was (24.5±5.3), and the cognitive impairment rate was 28.3% (1 316). The results of multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that the OR (95%CI) value of the risk of cognitive impairment in older people who did not sleep, slept for 31 to 60 minutes and slept more than one hour was 1.473 (1.139 to 1.904), 1.277 (1.001 to 1.629) and 1.496 (1.160 to 1.928), respectively, compared with those who slept for 1 to 30 minutes during the daytime. Compared with those who slept for 7.0‒8.9 hours at night, the OR (95%CI) value of the risk of cognitive impairment in older people who slept more than 9.0 hours was 1.239 (1.011 to 1.519). Conclusion: The cognitive function is related to sleep duration in the Chinese elderly.

Behavior-analytic intervention for women with fibromyalgia and insomnia: a single subject design

Abstract This study evaluated the effects in the pain and sleep, and the clinic significance after an analytic-behavioral intervention to manage the condition of the physical and interpersonal environment related to pain. Four women with fibromyalgia and insomnia participated in a study with intervention withdrawal multiple baseline design and initial, intermediate, final, and follow-up assessments. Self-report instruments were used to assess pain intensity and disability, sleep quality, and insomnia severity, besides the actigraphy. Data showed that the intervention (20 sessions) was effective in reducing the sleep and pain problems in all participants by shifting two participants from clinical to non-clinical status in sleep indicators. The gains were maintained or increased in follow-up measures. However, the results should take into consideration the clinical condition and other variables that may have individually impacted the results.

Insomnia current diagnosis: an appraisal / Diagnóstico atual de insônia: uma apreciação

Chronic insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in adults andits diagnosis is fundamental for adequate clinical management. The aim of this paper is to present recently published definitions of insomnia according to current international classifications, such as the International Classification of Sleep Disorders - Third Edition and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fifth Edition. For the first time, these classifications are congruent related to thei rdiagnostic criteria; both present insomnia as a distinct disorder and divide it into acute, chronic and other. This emphasizes the necessityof a specific insomnia approach. Furthermore, it is necessary torecognize those insomniacs with physiological hyperarousal, whichmay be identified by objective measures (short total sleep time, forinstance). These patients may have poorer outcome, as they are athigher risk of developing cardiometabolic conditions and neurocognitive impairment. Diagnosis is primarily made on a clinical basis (anamnesis and physical examination), while sleep diaries and questionnaires (such as Insomnia Severity Index) can help evaluate these patients. Objective measures, such as polysomnography, arenot required in most cases, except when suspicion of another sleep disorder arises.

A insônia crônica é o transtorno do sono mais comum em adultos,e seu diagnóstico é fundamental para o manejo clínico adequado.O principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar, em relação à insônia,as definições publicadas recentemente segundo as novas classificações internacionais, como a Classificação Internacional de Distúrbios do Sono - Terceira Edição e o Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais - Quinta Edição. Pela primeira vez, essas classificações são congruentes a respeito de seus critérios diagnósticos,pois ambas apresentam a insônia como uma doença em si ea dividem em aguda, crônica e outras. Isso enfatiza a necessidade de uma abordagem específica da insônia. Além do mais, é necessário reconhecer os insones com estado fisiológico de hiper alerta que podem ser identificados por medidas objetivas (tempo total de sono curto, por exemplo). Esses pacientes podem ter pior prognóstico, por causa do maior risco de desenvolver condições cardiometabólicas e comprometimento neurocognitivo. O diagnóstico da insônia é feito principalmente com base em dados clínicos (anamnese e exame físico),e o uso de diário de sono e questionários (tais como o Índice de Gravidade de Insônia) pode ajudar na avaliação desses pacientes.Análises objetivas, como aquelas obtidas pela polissonografia, não são rotineiramente necessárias na maioria dos casos, exceto quando há a suspeita de outro distúrbio do sono.

Enfermedad de Lyme en pediatría: distintas caras, una misma enfermedad. Serie de casos / Lyme disease in Pediatrics: different faces, the same disease. Cases series

La enfermedad de Lyme es producida por la espiroqueta Borrelia burgdorferi, que se transmite mediante la picadura de las garrapatas del género Ixodes ricinus. Se caracteriza por la aparición de un eritema migratorio en la zona de la picadura en las fases iniciales. Su diagnóstico se retrasa en gran parte de los casos y se presenta con formas diseminadas o tardías. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico; la serología suele ser negativa en las fases precoces, pero sirve de apoyo en el caso de las formas más avanzadas. El tratamiento se realiza con antibiótico oral durante 14-28 días, salvo en formas recurrentes o con afectación del sistema nervioso central. Presentamos cuatro casos de borreliosis de Lyme en niños con el fin de dar a conocer distintas formas de presentación de esta entidad y su manejo en la población pediátrica.

Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection which is transmittedby Ixodes ricinus. Erythema migrans, a rash spreading from the site of a tick bite, is the earliest and most common manifestation of the disease. If untreated, late manifestations of disseminated disease, mainly neurological and musculoskeletal, may occur. Serologic studies are usually negative in early stages and are not necessary to confirm the diagnosis in cases of erythema migrans. Laboratory confirmation is needed for disseminated disease. Most presentations, including facial nerve palsy, can be treated with oral antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is recommended in other cases of neuroborreliosis. Four cases of Lyme disease in children are reported to illustrate the different presentations of this disease and its management in children.

Intrarectal ice application prior to transrectal prostate biopsy: a prospective randomised trial accessing pain and collateral effects

Objectives To analyze the efficacy of intrarectal ice application as an anesthetic method prior to transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy. Materials and Methods A total of 120 consecutive men were included into the study prospectively. Patients were equally randomized as group 1 and 2 with 60 patients each. Ice was applied as an anesthetic method 5 minutes before procedure to the patients in group 1. Patients in group 2 were applied 10 ml of 2% lidocaine gel 10 minutes before procedure. Twelve core biopsy procedure was performed for all patients. The pain level was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results Median pain score was 3.5 (1-8) in group 1 and 5 (1-8) in group 2. There is significantly difference between groups regarding the mean sense of pain level during the procedure. (p=0.007) There was also no difference in complications between two groups about presence and duration of macroscopic hematuria and rectal bleeding. Conclusions Intrarectal ice application prior to TRUS prostate biopsy has an effect on reducing pain. Development of new techniques about cold effect or ice can make this method more useful and decrease complication rates. .

Association between Objectively Measured Sleep Quality and Obesity in Community-dwelling Adults Aged 80 Years or Older: A Cross-sectional Study

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between objective measures of sleep quality and obesity in older community-dwelling people. This cross-sectional study included 189 community-dwelling adults aged > or = 80 yr (83.4 +/- 2.5 yr [age range, 80-95 yr]). Participants wore an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+) on their non-dominant wrist 24 hr per day for 7 consecutive nights. Sleep parameters measured included total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset (WASO) during the night. Associations between sleep parameters and obesity were investigated by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. In multivariate models, those with sleep efficiency lower than 85% had a 2.85-fold increased odds of obesity, compared with those with sleep efficiency of 85% or higher. Similarly, those with WASO of > or = 60 min (compared with or = 80 yr, even after controlling for potential confounding factors, including daily physical activity.

Association between Objectively Measured Sleep Quality and Obesity in Community-dwelling Adults Aged 80 Years or Older: A Cross-sectional Study

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between objective measures of sleep quality and obesity in older community-dwelling people. This cross-sectional study included 189 community-dwelling adults aged > or = 80 yr (83.4 +/- 2.5 yr [age range, 80-95 yr]). Participants wore an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+) on their non-dominant wrist 24 hr per day for 7 consecutive nights. Sleep parameters measured included total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset (WASO) during the night. Associations between sleep parameters and obesity were investigated by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. In multivariate models, those with sleep efficiency lower than 85% had a 2.85-fold increased odds of obesity, compared with those with sleep efficiency of 85% or higher. Similarly, those with WASO of > or = 60 min (compared with or = 80 yr, even after controlling for potential confounding factors, including daily physical activity.

Cronobiología, sueño y depresión / Chronobiology, sleep and depression

Luego de una actualización sobre diversos aspectos del ciclo vigilia‑sueño, en el presente trabajo se analiza las consecuencias que tiene su alteración sobre el organismo. Además de las consecuencias neuroendócrinas y cardiovasculares, se hace especialmente hincapié en su efecto sobre el estado de ánimo, y la evidencia que surge sobre su vinculación con los episodios depresivos y trastornos bipolares. Finalmente,se establece, como elemento a tener en cuentapara la terapéutica de dicha patología, el uso de medicación que no solo actúe sobre los neurorreceptores, sino que también reestablezca un ordenado ciclo vigilia‑sueño, como forma de evitar la cronificación y agravamiento de los trastornos anímicos.

Associação entre sintomas de insônia, cochilo diurno e quedas em idosos da comunidade / Association between insomnia symptoms, daytime napping, and falls in community-dwelling elderly / Asociación entre síntomas de insomnio, siesta breve diurna y caídas en ancianos de una comunidad desfavorecida

Essa pesquisa investigou associações entre sintomas de insônia, cochilo diurno, e quedas em idosos da comunidade. Estudo transversal de base populacional e amostra probabilística envolvendo 689 idosos da comunidade. O protocolo continha variáveis de autorrelato e de desempenho físico. Foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística univariada e multivariada, e o nível de significância estatística adotado foi de p < 0,05. A prevalência de sintomas de insônia e cochilo diurno foi de 49,9% (n = 339) e 62,8% (n = 432), respectivamente. Quatorze vírgula quatro porcento relataram uma única queda e 11,9% relataram quedas recorrentes. A ocorrência de quedas associou-se com sexo feminino (OR = 7,73; IC95%: 3,03-19,72), idade > 80 anos (OR = 3,48; IC95%: 1,54-7,85), cochilo diurno (OR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,24-4,05) e sintomas depressivos (OR = 1,98; IC95%: 1,11-3,53). A associação entre cochilo diurno e quedas replicam dados de pesquisa internacional. Identificar fatores de risco modificáveis pode auxiliar programas de prevenção de quedas.

This study focused on associations between insomnia symptoms, daytime napping, and falls in community-dwelling elderly, using a population-based cross-sectional design and probability sample with 689 community-dwelling elders. The protocol consisted of self-reported and physical performance variables. The study used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Prevalence rates for insomnia symptoms and daytime napping were 49.9% (n = 339) and 62.8% (n = 432), respectively. 14.4% reported a single fall and 11.9% reported multiple falls. Falls were associated with female gender (OR = 7.73; 95%CI: 3.03-19.72), age > 80 (OR = 3.48; 95%CI: 1.54-7.85), napping (OR = 2.24; 95%CI: 1.24-4.05), and depressive symptoms (OR = 1.98; 95%CI: 1.11-3.53). The association between daytime napping and falls corroborates data from international research. Identifying modifiable risk factors may help programs to prevent falls in the elderly.

Esta investigación se centró en las asociaciones entre síntomas de insomnio, siesta breve diurna, y caídas en ancianos de una comunidad desfavorecida. Estudio transversal de base poblacional y muestreo probabilístico involucrando a 689 ancianos de una comunidad desfavorecida. El protocolo contenía variables de autorrelato y de desempeño físico. Se utilizó un análisis de regresión logística univariada y multivariada, y el nivel de significancia estadística adoptado fue de p < 0,05. La prevalencia de síntomas de insomnio y siesta breve diurna fue de 49,9% (n = 339) y 62,8% (n = 432), respectivamente. Catorce coma cuatro por ciento relataron una única caída y 11,9% relataron caídas recurrentes. La ocurrencia de caídas se asoció con el sexo femenino (OR = 7,73; IC95%: 3,03-19,72), edad > 80 años (OR = 3,48; IC95%: 1,54-7,85), siesta breve diurna (OR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,24-4,05) y síntomas depresivos (OR = 1,98; IC95%: 1,11-3,53). La asociación entre siesta breve diurna y caídas replican datos de investigaciones internacionales. Identificar factores de riesgo modificables pueden auxiliar en programas de prevención de caídas.

Impacto que tiene la falta de sueño sobre las habilidades cognitivas de una población de estudiantes de medicina / Impact of sleep deprivation on the cognitive abilities of a population of medical students

Los estudiantes que ingresan a la Escuela de Medicina son personas que pasarán los próximos años de su vida preparándose para entender la composición, la anatomía y la fisiología tanto normal como patológica del cuerpo humano con el fin de luego, aplicar ese conocimiento en el tratamiento de sus pacientes. Sin embargo, ser estudiante de Medicina se ha descrito como un extenuante proceso en el cual los jóvenes sufren alteraciones notables en sus horas de sueño, niveles de estrés, presión y fustración emocional e incluso depresión. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo para identificar en una población de estudiantes de segundo semestre de segundo año de Medicina de la Universidad de Costa Rica, el deterioro cognitivo que puede tener dicho estilo de vida y cómo influye en la capacidad de aprendizaje y los resultados que estos pueden obtener. A través de la figura compleja de Rey-Osterrieth y la prueba MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assesment) se evaluó la muestra en dos oportunidades distintas: al encontrarse los estudiantes en un período de evaluación normal y con un nivel de cansancio notable tras un período de evaluación más intenso. Los datos obtenidos comprobaron que efectivamente existe un deterioro en el rendimiento y las capacidades cognitivas de los jóvenes...

Arquitetura do sono e perfil respiratório polissonográfico de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística / Sleep architecture and polysomnographic respiratory profile of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a arquitetura do sono em crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística (FC) e com suspeita clínica de distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS), e identificar o perfil respiratório polissonográfico desses pacientes. MÉTODOS: Os pais ou responsáveis dos pacientes com FC preencheram um questionário que abordava questões clínicas e relacionadas ao sono. As crianças e adolescentes que foram identificadas com quadro clínico sugestivo de DRS foram submetidas a polissonografia. Após a realização da polissonografia, os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com o índice de apneia obstrutiva (IA) observado (< 1 ou > 1) e utilizou-se a análise fatorial de correspondência múltipla para análise e identificação dos perfis polissonográficos dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: Dos 74 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão para este estudo, 67 foram submetidos à polissonografia; observou-se que 38 (56,7 por cento) dos 67 pacientes apresentaram um IA > 1. A mediana das idades foi de 8 anos. O grupo de pacientes com IA > 1 caracterizou-se por apresentar tempo total de sono (TTS) nos estágios 4 e no REM < 21 e 13 por cento, respectivamente, latência do sono REM > 144 minutos, o percentual de TTS com saturação da oxi-hemoglobina medida por oximetria de pulso (SpO2) < 90 por cento maior que 0,28 segundos e o índice de dessaturação de oxigênio maior que 0,92. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que pacientes pediátricos clinicamente estáveis com FC têm uma alta prevalência de DRS e apresentam frequentes queixas relacionadas ao sono, significativas alterações na sua arquitetura, assim como episódios de dessaturação de oxigênio durante o sono.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sleep architecture in children and adolescents with both cystic fibrosis (CF) and a clinical suspicion of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and to identify the respiratory polysomnographic profile of these patients. METHODS: Parents or guardians of children with CF filled out a questionnaire designed to assess their clinical and sleep conditions. Children who were identified as having behaviors associated with SDB underwent polysomnography. After polysomnography, patients were grouped according to the obstructive apnea index (AI) obtained (either < 1 or > 1), and a multiple correspondence factor analysis was used to analyze and identify the polysomnographic profile of patients. RESULTS: Of the 74 patients who met inclusion criteria for this study, 67 underwent polysomnography, and 38 (56.7 percent) of the 67 patients showed an AI > 1. Median age was 8 years. The group of patients with an AI > 1 was characterized by total sleep time (TST) during stage 4 and rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep < 21 and 13 percent, respectively, REM sleep latency > 144 minutes, percentage of TST with pulse oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) < 90 percent higher than 0.28 seconds, and an oxygen desaturation index higher than 0.92. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that clinically stable pediatric patients with CF have a high prevalence of SDB and present frequent sleep complaints, significant changes in sleep architecture, and episodes of oxygen desaturation during sleep.

[Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and morning headache]

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [OSAS] is a common disorder in the general population. Several studies have suggested that headaches, particularly morning headaches, are more common in patients with OSAS than in normal subjects. This study investigates whether exist correlation between morning headache and polysomnographic sleep parameters. This is a cross sectional study of 150 consecutive patients with OSA who underwent sleep polysomnography. Patients were interviewed about their headache history. Insomnia and subjective sleepiness was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Polysomnographic recordings were compared in patients with and without morning headache. Headache and non-headache patients did not differ in the Respiratory Disturbance Index, either in Mean nocturnal SaO2 or sleep efficiency [P>0.05]. The headache patients were more likely to be female and spend a lower time in sleep. Insomnia was a common complaint in patients being evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea. No significant association emerged between the Excessive Daytime Sleepiness with headache [P>0.05]. Thus, nocturnal hypoxia is less likely to explain the high headache prevalence among patients admitted for polysomnography

Impacto de los trastornos del sueño en la salud de las personas: insomnio y síndrome de apnea del sueño / Impact of sleep disorders in the people's health: insomnia and sleep apnea syndrome

El sueño constituye un estado dinámico que busca ofrecemos descanso y reparación. El insomnio y las apneas del sueño, perturban el sueño generando importantes consecuencias. El insomnio conduce no sólo a disminución del alerta, la productividad laboral e incremento del riesgo de enfermar, sino también se relaciona con comorbilidades como depresión. El costo económico del ausentismo laboral, mayor tasa de enfermedades, menor rendimiento y accidentes es de billones de dólares al año en los Estados Unidos. En el caso de apneas del sueño, hay un mayor riesgo de enfermedad coronaria, insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva y accidente cerebrovascular. Los mecanismos intermediarios incluyen la, activación simpática. El tratamiento con CPAP reduce la presión arterial y mejora la función ventricular, lo que apoya la relación apnea y enfermedad cardiovascular. Son necesarios estudios sistemáticos para explicar otras relaciones complejas entre apnea del sueño y enfermedad vascular, las que pueden verse agravadas por el síndrome metabólico.

Sleep is a dynamic state aimed at offering rest and repair. insomnia and sleep apneas disrupt sleep generating significant consequences. Insomnia leads not only to decreased alertness, labor productivity, and increased risk of becoming ill, but is also related to comorbidities such as depression. The economic cost of absenteeism, ín addition to higher illness rate, accidents and reduced performance amaunts to billions of dallars a year in the United States. Individuals with severe sleep apnea are at increased risk far coronary disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke. Several intermediar y mechanisms might be in volved including sympathetic activation. Linkage between obstructive apnea and cardiovascular disease is corroborated by evidence that treatment with CPAP reduces systolic blood pressure and improves left ventricular systalic function. Several systematic studies are necessary to explicate complex assaciations between sleep apnea and vascular disease, which may be compounded by the metabolic syndrome.

Insônia: prevalência e fatores de risco relacionados em população de idosos acompanhados em ambulatório / Insomnia: prevalence and related risk factors in elderly outpatients

Insônia é um problema comum em todos os estágios da vida, mas é particularmente comum após os 65 anos de idade. É definida como uma dificuldade para iniciar o sono ou para se manter dormindo. Os distúrbios do sono nos idosos são comuns e multifatoriais. Vários fatores, incluindo idade avançada, influências psicossociais, doenças clínicas e psiquiátricas e uso de medicações podem estar associados com insônia. Apesar disso, os fatores de risco envolvidos no desenvolvimento de insônia não têm sido completamente identificados. A privação do sono interfere de maneira negativa na qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a prevalência de insônia e de fatores de risco relacionados a esta queixa nos idosos acolhidos no ambulatório de geriatria do NAI (Núcleo de Atenção ao Idoso) da UERJ, em 2005, com 60 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos. A busca ativa de insônia e sua correta avaliação são passos fundamentais na avaliação geriátrica.

Insomnia is a problem in all stages of life but is particularly common after age 65. It is defined as the inability to initiate or maintain sleep. Sleep disorders in the elderly are common and multifactorial. Several factors, including advanced age, psychosocial influences, clinical and psychiatric illnesses and the use of medications can be associates with insomnia. However, the risk factors involved in the insomnia development have not been completely identified. The privation of sleep may impair the quality of life and daytime functioning. The objective of this work is verify the prevalence of insomnia and risk factors to this complaint in geriatric outpatients of NAI (Núcleo de Atenção ao Idoso- Elderly Care Center)- UERJ, in 2005, aged 60 years or more, of both sexes. A complete assessment of insomnia and its correct evaluation are basic steps in the geriatric evaluation. Key words: sleep initiation and maintenance disorders; aged; sleep disorders; prevalence; quality of life; risk factors; geriatric assessment.

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Fatigue and Insomnia in Patients suffering from Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of foot reflexology on fatigue and insomnia in patients suffering from coal workers' pneumoconiosis. METHOD: This study was a quasi-experimental study of pre-test and post-test design in a non-equivalent control group. The subjects of this study consisted of both the experimental group of twenty-nine and the control group of thirty coal workers' pneumoconiosis patients. Data was collected from December 10, 2002 to February 15, 2003. Foot reflexology was performed for 60 minutes twice a week through five weeks in the experimental group, but none in the control group. To evaluate the effects of foot reflexology, the scores of fatigue and insomnia were measured before and after the experiment in both groups. Fatigue was evaluated by Fatigue Symptoms Inventory. Insomnia was measured with the visual analogue scale (VAS). Data of this experiment was analyzed by Chi-square test, t-test, unpaired t-test and Repeated Measures ANOVA with the SAS Program. RESULTS: The scores of fatigue and insomnia decreased in the experimental group but not in the control group. There was a significant difference of fatigue and insomnia between the two groups. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that foot reflexology might have beneficial effects on reducing fatigue and insomnia in patients suffering from coal workers' pneumoconiosis, and can be recommended as a nursing intervention program for patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis.

Enfermedades del sueño y su impacto laboral / Sleep disorders and its impacts on work

El desarrollo progresivo de la medicina del sueño, y su papel en la calidad de vida y en el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardio- y cerebrovasculares, ha incentivado la investigación en otras importantes áreas, como la medicina del trabajo. La asociación de accidentes automovilísticos con la hipersomnia diurna es bien conocida; a pesar de eso, hay un gran desconocimiento tanto en los médicos como la población en general sobre estos temas. por esta razón se efectúa un análisis del impacto de los problemas del sueño en la actividad laboral.

Introducción a la medicina del sueño / Introduction to sleep medicine

Psiquiatras, neurofisiólogos y una gran diversidad de especialistas han tenido interés por el estudio del sueño. El interés probablemente se deba al poco conocimiento de la fisiología del sueño. En la mayoría de los mamíferos el sueño tiene dos tipos de estadios: el sueño de ondas lentas (SWS) y el sueño de movimientos oculares rápidos (REM). El SWS o sueño no REM tiene cuatro etapas I, II, III/IV. El sueño no es un fenómeno continuo, sino tiene un ritmo diario circadiano y nocturno ultradiano. Existen muchos problemas del sueño como el insomnio, la hipersomnia y las parasomnias, éstas producen problemas neuropsicológicos además de dificultades sociales y de personalidad.

Evaluación clínica del insomnio 1a Parte / Clinical evaluation of insomnia 1a part

Los trastornos del sueño son una patología frecuente. Cerca del 35 por ciento de los colombianos presentará en cualquier momento de su vida una alteración del sueño. El insomnio es la queja principal en adultos y ancianos. La prevalencia del insomnio en mujeres es del 40 por ciento, se presenta en 30 por ciento de los hombres y en 50 por ciento de personas mayores de 65 años. Los factores asociados con mayor prevalencia son género femenino, presencia de trastornos mentales, condiciones médicas generales, abuso de sustancias y edad avanzada. Una adecuada intervención exige el diagnóstico cuidadoso y el tratamiento según la causa. Existe relación directa entre insomnio y alteraciones médicas, neurológicas, neumológicas y psiquiátricas. El somnólogo descarta estas patologías cuando examina un paciente mediante la anamnesis, heteroanamnesis, examen físico, agenda de sueño, exámenes somáticos y psicológicos y en ocasiones la polisomnografía. Para su manejo se evalúan factores predisponentes, precipitantes y perpetuadores que afectan el curso del insomnio